加拿大环境学assignment代写 国家和地区

Keywords:加拿大环境学assignment代写 国家和地区

Ohlund、Zurek和Hammer(2015)分析了国家和地区(欧盟)层面上关于跨尺度互动和相互依赖的制度安排，重点研究了波兰和瑞典如何在2007-2013年期间实施与可持续农业相关的CAP基金，特别是农业环境计划。农业系统可以看作是嵌套式的社会生态系统。欧盟(EU)成员国在农业、社会经济和环境方面差别很大。然而，作为共同农业市场的参与者，它们受制于统一的共同农业政策(CAP)。研究表明，农业环境基金规模太小，无法阻止新成员国向大规模农业转型，而CAP也无法有效推动欧盟向可持续发展的做法转型。他们的结论是，更多的灵活性空间来维持多样化的农业体系，促进国家的可持续发展措施的目标。哈格多恩(2002)提出了一个分析框架，用于理解自然资源和环境问题领域的制度变化。他的结论是，农业环境合作社可以成为农场制度环境和农村地区现有网络的一个额外因素。自然资源或环境污染减少的合作管理，如果允许参与的个人或农场根据其减少成本和可能性，决定不同程度的努力，就可以提高配置效率。Setboonsarng, Leung和Cai(2008)研究了泰国有机小农在不同制度安排和不同时间下的绩效。研究发现，虽然有机农户的盈利能力和盈利效率显著高于传统农户，但在不同中介机构下，有机农户的盈利水平存在差异。转型后，由非政府组织组织的退化边际土地上的农民呈现出利润和利润效率随时间增长的模式。另一方面，在新开放的林地上由私营部门公司组织的农民表现出一种稳定的利润和逐渐增加的产量的模式。这些发现表明，虽然有机农业可以提高小农的经济绩效，但制度安排是实现有机农业更广泛的贫困效益的一个重要因素.
加拿大环境学assignment代写 国家和地区
 Öhlund, Zurek and Hammer (2015) analysed the institutional arrangements concerning cross‐scale interactions and interdependencies at national and regional (EU) levels, focusing on how Poland and Sweden implement CAP funds in relation to sustainable agriculture, in particular the agri‐environmental schemes, for the period 2007–2013. Agricultural systems can be seen as nested social–ecological systems. European Union (EU) Member States vary considerably in terms of their agricultural, socio‐economic and environmental circumstances. Yet, as participants in the common agricultural market, they are subject to a uniform Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It was shown that agri‐environmental funds are too small to prevent transition towards large‐scale farming in new Member States and CAP does not effectively promote transformation towards sustainable practices in the EU. They concluded that more scope for flexibility to sustain diverse agricultural systems and facilitate national targeting of sustainability‐promoting measures.Hagedorn (2002) presented an analytical framework for understanding institutional change in the area of natural resources and environmental problems.  He concluded that  agri-environmental co-operatives could become an additional element in the institutional environment of farms and in the networks existing within rural areas. Co-operative management of natural resources or environmental pollution abatement could increase allocative efficiency if it allows the participating individuals or farms to decide on different levels of effort according to their abatement costs and possibilities.Setboonsarng, Leung and Cai (2008) studied the performance of organic small farmers in Thailand under different institutional arrangements and over time. It was found that while organic farmers were significantly more profitable and profit efficient than conventional farmers, the level of profitability varies under different intermediaries. Farmers organized by NGOs on degraded marginal land showed a pattern of increasing profit and profit efficiency over time, after the transition period. On the other hand, farmers organized by a private sector firm on newly opened forest land exhibited a pattern of stable profit and increasing yields over time. These findings suggest that while organic agriculture can increase the economic performance of small farmers, institutional arrangement is an important factor in realizing the broader benefits of organic agriculture for poverty